Analysis Of Schleiermacher s On Religion - 1495 Words

Within the following essay we shall be considering the given extract from Schleiermacher s ‘On Religion; speeches to its cultured despisers’’, which comes from the fifth speech within the text. Schleiermacher’s fifth and final speech explores the range of religions presentations viewed across the world and how this impacts the idea of the plurality of God. not only this by in his conclusion Schleiermacher puts forward the idea that Christianity can be viewed as separate from all other religions as the most accurate form of religion. Within the given extract Schleiermacher’s account of Christianity is outlined as well as discussions on why exactly he believes it to be the most successful form of religion. While the following essay will†¦show more content†¦Meaning that religion is â€Å"feeling which gives reality to knowledge and substance to morals† (Schleiermacher, introduction), this is important because it shows that what Schleiermacher values in a religion is that it adequately acts as intuition towards the infinite. What is important is that Schleiermacher really doesn t consider religion in the traditional sense, he believes that God is the world itself, and so everything we are involved in and everything that is the world is religion. He goes as far as to say that a miracle is not a break in natural law, instead, it is just an event viewed from a religious standing, rather than a scientific one. Because Schleiermacher ultimately views that religion and science are both aiming at the same infinite, and to hold a scientific belief over a religious one is simply a difference in perspective. Now that we have seen what it is Schleiermacher sees religion is and why he values it as a whole, we can consider why he values Christianity specifically. Schleiermacher values Christianity as a form of religion because the heart of Christianity is transcendence, wanting us all to be individual from the world. â€Å"The original intuition of Christianity is more glorious, more sublime, more worthy of adult humanity, more deeply penetrating into the spirit of systematic religion, and extending farther over the whole universe†Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Schleiermacher s On Religion1499 Words   |  6 PagesSchleiermacher’s â€Å"On Religion; Speeches to its Cultured Despisers†. Schleiermacher’s fifth and final speech explores the range of religions presentations viewed across the world and how this impacts the idea of the plurality of God. Not only this but in his conclusion, Schleiermacher puts forward the idea that Christianity can be viewed as separate from all other religions as the most accurate form of religion, and his reasons for this will take up the majority of this essay s discussion. WhileRead MoreThe Relevance and Authority of Scripture Essay952 Words   |  4 Pageswas â€Å"the only infallible, authoritative Word of God† (qtd. in â€Å"Church History†) the evangelical movement joined people together out of other random religions and formed a cohesive bond between churches. Liberal Friedrich Schleiermacher believed that a person’s private revelations of God took precedence over their revelations from Scripture. Schleiermacher claimed the Bible was nothing more than a record of others’ religious experiences, as opposed to the inspired Word of God (Lane 238) He taught thatRead MoreEffects Of Excluding African Religions And Beliefs From Global Discourse Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagesotential Effects of Excluding African Religions and Beliefs from Global Discourse In this paper, I will discuss the implications of excluding African traditions from the global religious dialogue. First I will give a brief overview on the deliberation. Then, I will attempt to present how this exclusion occurs or might occur, and lastly what its implications of are. To begin, my proposal to pursue this discourse stems from the class reading assignment related to â€Å"emerging† global consciousnessRead MorePotential Effects Of Excluding African Religions And Beliefs From Global Discourse Essay1781 Words   |  8 PagesPotential Effects of Excluding African Religions and Beliefs from Global Discourse In this paper, I will discuss the implications of excluding African traditions from the global religious dialogue. First, I will give a brief overview on the deliberation. Then, I will attempt to present how this exclusion occurs or might occur, while weaving the Yoruba religious art as an example of the piece of the religious dialogue that global discourse tends to reference in unique terms and lastly I will attemptRead MoreDr. Young s Thy Word Is Truth, We Travel1810 Words   |  8 Pagesfeel so bad in good environments that they prefer bad environments?† Young explains our sad state since man no longer is ready to listen to eternal God. This matches Young’s observation of critics that analyze the Bible as a common book. Worldly analysis does not heed Scripture where no prophecy is of any private interpretation, since Scripture must interpret Scripture. Our desperate need of light is shown by Young’s treatment of ANE pseudo-creation accounts, stating that the light is always presentRead MoreHow Does Black Administrators Affect Postsecondary Education For The Mid Level Administrator?7689 Words   |  31 Pagesliterature in Chapter II serves as the foundation of applicable research that guides my investigation. Chapter III outlines the research design. In this section, I address my research methodology, research participants, data collection, data analysis, the limitations of the study, and ethical considerations. The intention of this research is to contribute to the understanding of how Black administrators in postsecondary education experience microaggressions and the tools these administratorsRead MoreThe Best Theology Would Need No Advocates1963 Words   |  8 PagesBarth attended some of the most prestigious institutions such as Bern, Tubingen, Berlin and Marburg. It was at Berlin in which Barth studied liberal theologian Adolf con Harnack and also became heavily influenced by Wilhelm Hermann and Freidrich Schleiermacher in his time at Marburg as well. It was then that Barth became profoundly enticed in the nature of the scientific method. After carrying out time in Geneva, Barth soon was chosen to serve at a parish in Safenwil, Switzerland. Shortly after in 1913Read MoreQuestions On Academic Integrity Policy2400 Words   |  10 Pagesassessment in any other unit or to any other institution. I have read and understood Avondale s Academic Integrity Policy. ☠Agree Date: AVONDALE COLLEGE School of Ministry and Theology Assessment Evaluation Form Unit Total Percentage Student Outcomes Unsatisfactory Partially Satisfactory Satisfactory High Very High Comments 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Sequenced, relevant content 2. Analysis , not merely description 3. Argument fully developed, cohesive and supported

Service Dogs for Autism - 1145 Words

As of 2012, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that one in 50 children between the ages of six and seventeen has autism spectrum disorder, with males being four times more likely than females to have these conditions (Slaughter 1). Autism is a developmental disorder that affects the brains normal development of social and communication skills. Service dogs are normally used to aid the blind, deaf or hard of hearing, and other types of disabilities. Service dogs have recently been used to help children with autism. The service dog industry has had a growing impact on the autism community, the benefits and disadvantages affect each child differently. Autism was first discovered by Leo Kanner in 1943, he labeled it as†¦show more content†¦The dog becomes the child’s constant companion, the sense of loneliness is taken away from the child. The children in these cases reported increased physical independence and freedom from relying on others to assit in daily tasks (Davis 136). The dogs undergo serious training before being placed with the child. Sometimes the dog and child would actually meet weeks leading up to the placement to warm up to eachother before permanent placement. The parent is the primary handler, the dog is trained to guide the child but ultimately take orders or listen to the parent. The dog is tethered to the child by a harness and put on a leash that the parent carries, this gives the child freedom and the parent security, the dog controls the child from darting off. The cost of a service dog can be very expensive, if not obtained by an organization that receives donations and helps the family out. The average annual cost to maintain a dog was $1307, with a range of $195-$5134 (Davis 134). The daily routine changes in some of the families affected the dogs negatively. The dog would have bathroom accidents in the home, which were frowned upon by the family. The stress of the day to day activities with the child would be too much for the dog to handle at times, fatigue and attitude changes were apparent. The majority of problems faced with a service dog can be eliminated, with a set routine and normal breaks given to the dog. Public places nowadays are normallyShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Animal Assisted Therapy On An Individual s Life1152 Words   |  5 Pagesa lot of attention is the use of animal-assisted therapy (frequently dogs) for individuals with autism. While research is limited, studies reveal that children with an ASD laugh, talk and display other positive social behaviors when they have a companion animal with them. A recent study explored the viewpoints of youth with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). This innovative study finds that animals help individuals with autism combat feelings of loneliness. Additional research finds that animalsRead MoreCompanion Dogs, Making a Difference1108 Words   |  5 Pageschildren with autism having a companion dog is the difference between life and death. Methodically trained guide dogs help create an environment where autistic children are comfortable enough to live a more ordinary lifestyle. Autism spectrum disorder is a major public health problem th at is the most common neurological disorder affecting 1 out of every 110 births in the US (Autism Society, 2009). ASDs can range in severity from Asperger Syndrome, a high-functioning form of autism where the childRead MoreFinding The Way With Service Animals Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesFinding the Way with Service Animals Johnny had never smiled in his entire four years of life, until July, 2015. He received a life changing gift, a service dog trained as a companion to children with autism. His family had researched and tried many ways to help him have an easier and more interactive life but to no avail until he got his service dog. Improving life emotionally, physically and/or socially is the overall goal of people and/or families with service animals. There has been a long historyRead MoreHealth Benefits Of Owning A Dog1504 Words   |  7 PagesHumans Need Dogs Most people know that pets are good companions, but they can also be therapists, teachers, and healers. â€Å"Sixty-two percent of American households include pets,† said the Humane Society of United States (Casciotti Zuckerman, 2016). When people hear about dogs helping humans, one of the first things that might come to mind, are the dogs that help the blind or disabled. Another thought might be the dog that saves a family from their burning home. Today, there are dogs that help withRead MoreHow Does An Autism Assistance Dog Positively Affect The Autistic Child?1435 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Question: How does an autism assistance dog positively affect the autistic child? I decided to research this topic as I have always been interested in animals and want to pursue a career working with animals. After watching a captivating news clip on assistance dogs it was clear this was going to be the topic I would investigate for my research project. I researched autism assistance dogs (AAD), specifically their training, eligible criteria and positive effects on the child. I read websitesRead MoreA Best Friend Is Man’s Best Friend1574 Words   |  7 PagesDolores Ramirez Prof Grace Rocha Writing 10 Section 29 Rough-Draft #2 March 18, 2013 A Best Friend is Man’s Best Friend Dogs have been known to be â€Å"Man’s Best Friend† for thousands of years. More commonly known to be man’s best friends are dogs, rather than cats and any other animal. Most people consider a best friend as someone who is there for you when you are sad or lonely, when you need someone to talk, cry, or laugh, however a man’s best friend is all the same and more. Dog’s today areRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Adhd )1397 Words   |  6 PagesAutism, also referred to as Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD), is a neurological disorder that causes difficulties with social interaction and affects 1 out of 68 children in the United States. People with this diagnosis have difficulties with social interaction, challenges with communication, and often engage in behaviors that are repetitive but are different with every child. With no known cause, autism is on the steady rise and it is important for people (especially parents) to learn how to helpRead MoreThe B enefits Of Animal Assisted Therapy Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss research that has been conducted on the benefits of animal-assisted therapy in relation to mental and emotional well-being, and as it relates to recovery. I have applied my research to include a variety of subjects, including children with autism, patients suffering from PTSD, college students, the elderly, and outpatient recovery. Finally, I conclude my report with a proposal of a new AAT program that will benefit the community and reduce pet homelessness. IntroductionRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder and its Causes Essay906 Words   |  4 Pagesfifty children was diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Since then, there has been a drastic increase on the incidents of this disorder. In 2013, according to the Centers for Disease Control, Autism spectrum disorder occurs in one out of eighty eight children. (CDC, 2013) That is a significant increase over a relatively short period of time. With such an increase, it is important to learn what autism spectrum disorder is and what might cause it. Autism spectrum disorder is the term usedRead MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1144 Words   |  5 PagesSummary This article is all about AAI otherwise known as the animal-assisted intervention. AAI has been suggested time and time again as a possible treatment practice for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The Article starts off by talking about autism what it is and the diagnosis of it. It then goes into detail to talk about AAI; AAI is an alternative intervention that has developed into treating all sorts of individuals with a range of medical issues and developmental issues. The article

National Student Debt free essay sample

As the cost of education is on the rise students and their parents are trying to come up with the money to go to college. The usual steps are to seek grants from the government, private organizations, and from organizations setup through the colleges themselves. There are also loans that are made through the private sector and those from government based organizations. Some students go as far as trying to pay for college using credit cards. In the end students seeking higher education graduate with enormous debt, creating a larger burden on the economy and those struggling to pay off these bills. If the situation concerning the national student debt is not handled correctly then this country will find itself with a much larger problem in the near future. Proposition of Policy: The Federal and State government should institute policies to significantly reduce the national student debt. Definitions: The definition of default is provided by Business Dictionary. Com â€Å"Borrowing: Failure to meet the terms of a loan agreement. Its two types are (1) Fiscal: Failure to make repayment on the due date. Generally, if a payment is 30 days overdue, the loan is in default. Covenantal: Failure to live up to one or more covenants of the loan agreement such as exceeding the prescribed total borrowings. † Business Dictionary. Com provides a definition for endowment as â€Å"Gift of money or income producing property to a public organization (such as a hospital or university) for a specific purpose (such as research or scholarships). Generally, the endowed asset is kept intact and only the income generated by it is consumed. † Claim 1: The national student debt is a large problem. Sub Claim A: The national student debt is a large problem because the cost of tuition is becoming more expensive. Grounds A1: The research gathered by Matthew Reed in his paper, â€Å"Student Debt and the Class of 2007,† published in October 2008 by the Project on Student Debt website states, â€Å"Our analysis indicates that for colleges reporting data for both the class of 2006 and the class of 2007, the average debt of students graduating with loans rose from $18,976 to $20,098, a six percent increase. The increase was roughly the same for both public and private nonprofit four-year colleges. Average debt for the class of 2007 was $18,482 at public colleges and $23,065 at private colleges. Data limitations cause these averages to be lower than actual levels. We estimate that the actual average student loan debt level for the class of 2007 is nearly $21,900: $19,400 for borrowers at public universities and nearly $25,700 for borrowers at private colleges. While it is still generally true that college graduates earn much more than those with only a high school education, student debt is rising faster than starting salaries for new graduates. While average student debt at graduation rose by six percent between 2006 and 2007, earnings for 18- to 24-year-olds with bachelor’s degrees rose only three percent. Grounds A2: Information provided by Marcia Clemmit in her paper â€Å"Student Aid† from the CQ Researcher dated January of 2008 states, â€Å"As the cost of higher education rises, grants for needy students have lagged behind, and more students are dependent on loans to finance their education. At the same time, worries about college costs have been reaching higher up the socioeconomic scale. In response, states and private colleges have launched new merit-based scholarships that shift some aid from the neediest students to middle- and even upper-income families. In-state tuition and fees (excluding room and board) for public, four-year schools average $6,185 for the 2007-2008 school year, up 6. 6 percent from 2006-2007; out-of-state tuition averages $16,640. At private four-year schools, the average 2007-2008 tuition and fees is $23,712, up 6. 3 percent from 2006-2007. The cost of college has nearly doubled over the past 20 years, in inflation-adjusted dollars, and college tuition and fees have risen faster than inflation, personal income, consumer prices or even the cost of prescription drugs and health insurance. Warrant: While the cost of school continues to rise, so too does the national student debt. This shows that there is a direct correlation between the two. (causation) Sub Claim B: The national student debt is a harmful problem because students’ life choices will be impacted by debt burden. Grounds B1: A summary of President Barack Obama’s speech presented by Christopher Hass, â€Å"President Obama on Higher Education and Reforming Student Loans,† published in April 2009 by My. BarackObama. com, â€Å"There are few things as fundamental to the American Dream or as essential for Americas success as a good education. This has never been more true than it is today. At a time when our children are competing with kids in China and India, the best job qualification you can have is a college degree or advanced training. If you do have that kind of education, then youre well prepared for the future because half of the fastest growing jobs in America require a Bachelors degree or more. And if you dont have a college degree, youre more than twice as likely to be unemployed as somebody who does. So the stakes could not be higher for young people like Stephanie. â€Å"And yet, in a paradox of American life, at the very moment its never been more important to have a quality higher education, the cost of that kind of that kind of education has never been higher. Over the past few decades, the cost of tuition at private colleges has more than doubled, while costs at public institutions have nearly tripled. Compounding the problem, tuition has grown ten times faster than a typical familys income, putting new pressure on families that are already strained and pricing far too many students out of college altogether. Yet, we have a student loan system where were giving lenders billions of dollars in wasteful subsidies that could be used to make college more affordable for all Americans. † â€Å"This trend a trend where a quality higher education slips out of reach for ordinary Americans threatens the dream of opportunity that is Americas promise to all its citizens. It threatens to widen the gap between the haves and the have-nots. And it threatens to undercut Americas competitiveness because America cannot lead in the 21st century unless we have the best educated, most competitive workforce in the world. And thats the kind of workforce and the kind of citizenry to which we should be committed. † Grounds B2: In the article by Nick Hillman, â€Å"Student Debt Burden,† published in August 2007 by the American Association of State Colleges and Universities, â€Å"Students often see higher education as the primary path to upward mobility, but when they accumulate excessive debt this pathway quickly becomes riddled with pitfalls. Students who graduate with debt may put off life milestones such as buying a car, owning a home, getting married, or entering certain low-paying professions like teaching or social work. The latter subject was investigated in a recent State Public Interest Research Group report about careers in public service and student debt. Their research found that nearly one in four recent public college graduates who entered the teaching field had unmanageable levels of debt. Social workers fared even worse—37 percent of public college social work graduates entered the field with unmanageable debt. Debt becomes â€Å"unmanageable† when student loans and other outstanding debts take up a significant portion of annual personal income. Students who earn incomes lower than the national average, yet have above-average levels of student debt, are likely to carry unmanageable debt. In the next ten years the country will need two million new teachers, but high student debt levels and low earning potential could discourage students from pursuing teaching or other public service careers. Students are not only taking out more loans today than ever before, they are also living with record levels of unmanageable debt. Although the average borrower graduating from a public college owes $17,250 in debt, one in four finishes school owing at least $22,822. Particularly worrisome is that the number of college graduates with at least $40,000 in student loan debt has increased 10–fold in the past decade. These numbers pose long-term threats to recent college graduates’ lifelong decisions, but the financial future of borrowers who do not earn a degree is bleaker. It is not uncommon for students, especially low-income students, to drop out of college only after accumulating thousands of dollars in student loan debt. Nearly one in five students who do not graduate from college leave with $20,000 in student loan debt. Borrowers who drop out earn lower incomes and face a high risk of accumulating unmanageable debt that is likely to result in forbearance, default, or even bankruptcy. When students face these financial hardships, they are more likely to require state services such as Medicaid if they are uninsured and unemployment benefits if they are out of work. The long-term impacts of debt not only affect individual borrowers’ futures; taxpayers may find themselves providing additional resources to those who cannot keep up with their debt repayments. Living with unmanageable debt presents graduates with genuine fears about entering college, completing college, pursuing post-baccalaureate degrees, and choice of career. Living with unmanageable debt presents even greater fears to those who drop out of college. † Warrant B: Student debt impacts the decisions made by students on what to do after graduation, or attending college all together because most realize the enormous debt they will incur if they decide to pursue higher forms of education. (causation/ generalization) Sub Claim C: We are failing to solve the problem of the national student debt because lenders are making large profits from the loans they give to students. Grounds C1: An article posted by Foon Rhee, deputy national editor posted a speech by Barack Obama, â€Å"Obama says he’s ready to battle on student loan reform,† published in April of 2009 by The Boston Globe, â€Å"Obama wants to end the private Federal Family Education Loans program that the White House says costs taxpayers an unnecessary $5 billion a year by using private firms as brokers. That is a premium we can no longer afford, he said, saying the system is rigged to give profits to special interests without any risk. Right now, there are two main kinds of federal loans. First, there are Direct Loans. These are loans where tax dollars go directly to help students pay for tuition, not to pad the profits of private lenders. The other kinds of loans are Federal Family Education Loans. These loans, known as FFEL loans, make up the majority of all college loans. Under the FFEL program, lenders get a big government subsidy with every loan they make. And these loans are then guaranteed with taxpayer money, which means that if a student defaults, a lender can get back almost all of its money from our government. † Grounds C2: â€Å"The Real Student Debt Problem,† is an article written by Anya Kamenetz in October of 2007 by The American Prospect says, â€Å"Private loans are handled by large banks like Citibank and federal lenders like Sallie Mae, but some of the worst abuses occur with lower-profile outfits that make only education loans. Recently, New York City Attorney General Andrew Cuomo singled out three lenders Elite Financial Group, Academic Loan Group, and Erie Processing. He alleged that they marketed their loans deceptively and aggressively, online and directly to students. Elite sent solicitation letters marked Federal Loan Division that sported an eagle seal. â€Å" â€Å"The evidence is mounting that families are confused by such tactics and by the myriad financial aid choices available. A simple policy change by Barnard College this past year showed that contrary to the claims of lenders, many families are borrowing far more than they need to in private loans. â€Å"Furthermore, private lenders often partner with for-profit and career colleges that target the least experienced students with programs that are more expensive than, but similar in quality to, public community colleges. At these schools, financial aid officers may sign up students for private loans even when they are eligible for federal aid. Similarly, students in film school, culinary school, and other high-cost programs are graduating with six figures of high-interest private loan debt and low or unpredictable incomes. Warrant C: As long as there are private lenders who are unregulated under the Federal, or State laws then these groups will continue to take advantage of students and their parents who are not educated in taking out loans. (Causation) To support this proposition I offer the following plan: I. Mandate: -Expand Student Loan Forgiveness programs -Eliminate the Federal Family Education Loan Program -Require that both lenders and schools are providing some type of counseling to clarify risks to borrowers Give tax breaks to schools who keep tuition cost down Increase Federal Grants II. Agency: -The mandates of the plan will be carried out by the U. S. Department of Education, with the help of the State Department of Education and by the colleges and universities. III. Enforcement: -This will be enforced on the Federal and State level and primarily through the colleges IV. Funding: -Funding should be provided by the Federal and state government through tax break incentives, interest collected by the loans and by the schools themselves. All loans be made through the Federal governments Department of Education V. Legislative intent: Will be clarified by today’s discussion in the question and answer period of class. Claim 2: We can solve the problem. Sub Claim A: The change of Federal laws and regulations can help solve the problem of the student national debt. Grounds A1: The article Model Legislation: A Federal Tax Credit for Student Loan Interest, found on the Project on Student Debt published in 2007 states, â€Å"To help ensure that borrowing for college does not jeopardize families’ financial security, the Project on Student Debt has developed model legislation for a federal student loan interest tax credit. This credit provides more meaningful relief to households with burdensome student debt than the current student loan interest deduction. It rewards work, encourages timely payment, and recognizes family responsibilities. † Key Features †¢ Individuals and families with student loans receive a tax credit* on up to $4,000 of the interest they pay each year. The credit replaces the current tax deduction* for up to $2,500 of student loan interest. †¢ The size of the credit is based on the borrower’s income, loan burden, and family size. †¢ The taxpayer must be working in order to qualify. Loans made to both parents and students are covered, as are both government and private higher education loans. †¢ Qualifying loans can cover tuition, room and board, transportation, books and supplies. †¢ Eligibility phases out for joint filers with incomes between $100,000 and $140,000, and for single filers with incomes between $50,000 and $70,000. †¢ The credit is refundable, so that borrowers get the full credit even when it is larger than the amount of income tax they owe that year. †¢ Those who benefit from the current tax deduction will receive as much or more relief from the new credit. Grounds A2: Evidence found in the article The Real Student Debt Problem found in the American Prospect web site written by Anya Kamenetz in 2007 shows that through educating parents and students of the risks brought on by lenders they can lower their risks of shady loans made by private organizations. â€Å"More important, by reforming repayment rules, the bill takes steps toward restoring the premise championed in our country from  the creation of the land-grant universities: Higher education is a public good, not just an individual investment. The bill creates a range of loan repayment programs for graduates who choose to enter public service and introduces Fair Payment Assurance, which allows borrowers to limit student loan payments to a percentage of income, and cancels the debt after 25 years. The College Cost Reduction and Access Act is the most meaningful higher education reform in more than 15 years, said Luke Swarthout, US PIRG Higher Education Advocate. This legislation is an example of Congress getting policy-making right. Emboldened by these successes, advocates see momentum growing for even broader reform that could offer meaningful relief to students by reining in the excesses of an ethically dubious industry. But no serious remedy is on offer for the elephant in the room: tuition increases themselves. Currently, student loan debt, like child support and tax liens, but unlike all other unsecured debt, cannot be discharged (forgiven) in bankruptcy. Bankruptcy reforms in 1998 made federally subsidized student loans nondischargeable, and the notorious 2005 Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act excluded private, unsubsidized student loans as well. The amount of federal student loans a student can borrow is capped at $23,000 for undergraduates, at interest rates of 6. 8 percent. Private or alternative education loans, which receive no government subsidies, have no effective limits. Students may borrow $200,000 or more at rates anywhere from 9 percent to 19 percent. As tuition soars more than twice as fast as inflation, these expensive private loans are filling in the gaps. The volume of private student loans grew a staggering 894 percent in the past 10 years, in constant dollars, to one-quarter of all student loans. Private loans are handled by large banks like Citibank and federal lenders like Sallie Mae, but some of the worst abuses occur with lower-profile outfits that make only education loans. Recently, New York City Attorney General Andrew Cuomo singled out three lenders Elite Financial Group, Academic Loan Group, and Erie Processing. He alleged that they marketed their loans deceptively and aggressively, online and directly to students. Elite sent solicitation letters marked Federal Loan Division that sported an eagle seal. The evidence is mounting that families are confused by such tactics and by the myriad financial aid choices available. A simple policy change by Barnard College this past year showed that contrary to the claims of lenders, many families are borrowing far more than they need to in private loans. Before certifying to a private lender that a student was enrolled, Barnard began requiring that the student or family talk with a college financial aid officer. This simple conversation, making families aware of the high cost of private loans and of other available options, led to a 73 percent decrease in private loan volume. † Grounds A3: In the previously cited article â€Å"Student Debt Burden†, it references to â€Å"Maryland and Florida, like many other states, offer loan forgiveness to students who stay in-state to teach science or math, or practice social work. While this helps alleviate the debt burden for some students, debt remains pervasive and this is only one measure that helps a small number of borrowers. A number of other states are approaching this through efforts to reduce time-to-degree and aligning transfer agreements between two-year and four-year institutions. Colleges and universities recognize that students need more help paying for college, but they should continue to find ways to help students avoid debt. Campus administrators favor plans to increase the amount of federal and state need-based aid to address student debt. Students still are accumulating massive levels of debt, so colleges and universities must support efforts that help students understand the long-term implications of excessive borrowing. The University of Arizona has taken a proactive approach by designing a program that teaches students about the costs and benefits of taking out student loans and the long-term impact borrowing has on life decisions. States and their higher education institutions need to continue developing creative ways to help borrowers succeed during and after college to avoid the pitfalls associated with the record levels of debt students accumulate today. Through Federal regulation of lenders, education on taking out loans and tax breaks, or forgiveness we can manage this growing problem of the national student debt. (sign) Conclusion: If we as a society do not act now we will face ever growing challenges with education, the economy and eventually completion from countries offering superior educated individuals. We can solve these issues through the previously mentioned plan of action and reduce the national student debt.

What Caused the Civil War an Example of the Topic History Essays by

What Caused the Civil War? There were many different causes which were the roots of the U.S. Civil War. Briefly, these causes included slavery, different moral systems, different economic systems, and different visions of America. The single most influential causes are inter- related. The issues of slavery and the different economic system which relied in large part on slave labor in the South were, in my opinion, the primary cause for the war. Certainly, the plantations (especially the cotton business) in the South were a major source of the stream of income upon which the South was vitally dependent. Need essay sample on "What Caused the Civil War?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The plantations were primarily Southern phenomenon and its existence created unfair trade competition for Northern businesses (Encarta:2007). While it may seem that the South was unjust in maintaining the slave trade, I believe that there hearts and minds were predicated on that industry were purely economic. Unfortunately, many sources of alleged discrimination were and are swayed by the almighty dollar. The South was so dependent on the slave-driven economy that their perspective and ideals surrounded the perpetuation of slavery for their livelihoods. Furthermore, the main debate just prior to the outbreak of the Civil War concerned whether slavery would be allowed in the newly-admitted Western States, which were acquired through the Mexican War, such as some parts of California, Utah, and New Mexico. Additionally, at that time, loyalty to ones state often took precedence over loyalty to ones county. The South feared that the election of Abraham Lincoln meant a stronger federal government and, in turn, was a threat to the entire slave industry (Encarta:2007). In conclusion, I believe that although the slave issue was a major cause of the Civil War, it was not the sole cause. Reference American Civil War. Encarta.

What is meant by the term `Scientific Revolution` Essay Example

What is meant by the term `Scientific Revolution` Essay Example What is meant by the term `Scientific Revolution` Essay What is meant by the term `Scientific Revolution` Essay The term â€Å"Scientific Revolution† refers to the event that started in 1543 where there was a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas in physics, astronomy and biology.1   Basing on   the publication of Copernicus On the Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs in 1543, which proposed that the earth and other planets went around the Sun but did not show how or why, and the publication of Isaac Newtons Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in 1687, the Europeans thought that the natural world was experiencing a revolution. The Scientific Revolution was the opening to the wider movement we called Enlightenment. The changes that were happening were very slow, taking almost 150 years, but this revolution completely altered old ways of thinking. Moreover, it was considered also one of the most exciting adventures of the human mind.2Discuss the contributions of four important scientists.With the events accompanying the era characterized by scientific revolution, four mo st notable scientists emerged. First, Galileo is seen as the father of theoretical experimentalism, wherein he legitimized observation as opposed to pure reason, as a route to authentic knowledge and presented the observations with a philosophical analysis that had the thoroughness of Euclidean proof. Second, Francis Bacon projects the Galilean experimental truth revealing process onto the entire map of the natural universe, setting forth an agenda for every natural phenomenon then known, to be subjected to experimental scrutiny. Third, Robert Boyle sets about regularizing Galileos experimental work as characterized by his reports of falling bodies experiments into a practical method for ensuring that the observational process accumulates a body of knowledge which is public, thorough and self-correcting by the practice of publication, replication and review of scientific experiments. Fourth, Newton produces the first widely read works which claimed to address the most significant fu ndamental natural processes with Boylean rigor.3Why was the Scientific Revolution a threat to the existing culture?The Scientific Revolution gathered varied acceptances and there were a number of world views held by different people in the middle Ages. Most of those people, who commented with the radical and dynamic scientific changes, belonged to the intellectual class. For the great intellects, it was hard to break out the view of the world since it was built by brilliant scientists and discoverers. However, it took an enormous breadth of knowledge imagination to change the way people perceived the universe and the phenomena that existed on it.In my opinion, evidently scientific revolution was a threat to the existing culture because it will prove in one way or another that previous facts and theories formulated by previous scientists were untrue. Although, positively this provided the people with the right, updated and applicable knowledge as they advanced to modernization since the changing of the scientific world view, and the acceptance of science as a major source of knowledge, was the single most characteristic change that led to the modern world. However it meant that the former scientists were not reliable at all. Obviously, this created prejudices, confusions and doubts to former scientists of every society where this revolution happened.

Carolus Linnaeus - An Evolution Biography

Carolus Linnaeus - An Evolution Biography Early Life and Education Born May 23, 1707 - Died January 10, 1778 Carl Nilsson Linnaeus (Latin pen name: Carolus Linnaeus) was born on May 23, 1707 in Smaland, Sweden. He was the first born to Christina Brodersonia and Nils Ingemarsson Linnaeus. His father was a Lutheran minister and his mother was the daughter of the rector of Stenbrohult. In his spare time, Nils Linnaeus spent time gardening and teaching Carl about plants. Early Life and Education Carls father taught him Latin and geography at a very young age in an effort to groom him to take over the priesthood when Nils retired. Carl spent two years being tutored but disliked the man chosen to teach him and then went on to the Lower Grammar School in Vaxjo. He finished there at the age of 15 and continued on to the Vaxjo Gymnasium. Instead of studying, Carl spent his time looking at plants and Nils was disappointed to learn he would not make it as a scholarly priest. Instead, he went off to study medicine at Lund University where he enrolled with his Latin name, Carolus Linnaeus. In 1728, Carl transferred to Uppsala University where he could study botany along with medicine. Linnaeus wrote his thesis on plant sexuality, which earned him a spot as a lecturer at the college. He spent most of his young life traveling and discovering new species of plants and useful minerals. His first expedition in 1732 was funded from a grant provided by Uppsala University that allowed him to research plants in Lapland. His six-month trip resulted in over 100 new species of plants. His traveling continued in 1734 when Carl took a trip to Dalarna and then again in 1735 he went to the Netherlands to pursue a doctorate degree. He earned the doctorate in only two weeks time and returned to Uppsala. Professional Achievements in Taxonomy Carolus Linnaeus is best known for his innovative classification system called taxonomy. He published Systema Naturae in 1735, in which he outlined his way of classifying plants. The classification system was primarily based on his expertise of plant sexuality, but it was met with mixed reviews from traditional botanists of the time. Linnaeus desire to have a universal naming system for living things led him to the use of binomial nomenclature to organize the botanical collection at Uppsala University. He renamed many plants and animals in the two-word Latin system to make scientific names shorter and more accurate. His Systema Naturae went through many revisions over time and came to include all living things. In the beginning of Linnaeus career, he thought species were permanent and unchangeable, as was taught to him by his religious father. However, the more he studied and classified plants, he began to see the changes of species through hybridization. Eventually, he admitted that speciation did occur and a sort of directed evolution was possible. However, he believed whatever changes that were made were part of a divine plan and not by chance. Personal Life In 1738, Carl became engaged to Sara Elisabeth Moraea. He did not have enough money to marry her right away, so he moved to Stockholm to become a physician. A year later when finances were in order, they married and soon Carl became a professor of medicine at Uppsala University. He would later switch to teach botany and natural history instead. Carl and Sara Elisabeth ended up having a total of two sons and 5 daughters, one of whom died in infancy. Linnaeus love of botany led him to buy several farms in the area over time where he would go to escape the city life every chance he got. His later years were filled with illness, and after two strokes, Carl Linnaeus died on January 10, 1778.

Implications of income inequality. Does or should inequality matter Essay

Implications of income inequality. Does or should inequality matter Why or why not - Essay Example The government will get enough funds to run its operations (Chambers, 2008, p. 98). Countries that support inequality experience political stability. Those who do not support this face welfare crisis (Hanushek, 2006). The governments will pay heavy for creating a monetary union without political unions. Thus, it creates instability. It is very hard to have equality of opportunity (Navarro, 2007, p. 100). There will be economic efficiency in the presence of inequality. The poor in society will have an incentive to work hard. Because of the need to be high earners. In an unequal society, there are limited resources. The government will be able to gain resources from the taxes garnered from the rich (Harmon, 2009, p. 19). There is no social justice in equality. The poor will access low standards of living and do not receive social amenities like healthcare. Those with great wealth provide to their people and take the opportunities meant for the little wealthy. Thus, the cause of injustice (Arrow, 1996, p. 12). Some economists believe degree of inequalities is necessary for working of free markets. In a free market, income inequality will be a fact. There is no equal income and the rich will have their say in the markets. The governments of various countries fail in putting up an equal opportunity for all (Barbanel, 2013, p.

Civilization and Its Discontents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Civilization and Its Discontents - Essay Example This shows that Civilization and its Discontents is a great contributor to the Western culture’s literature. Freud commences his reflections with ruminations based on religious values, and tries to bring out responses to the question as to why human beings are possessed with the feeling of being with the passion of construction, oceanic feelings. An in-depth understanding of the reasons as to why Freud describes this type of feeling as oceanic gives two separate explanations: he intended to establish the view of the superstitions, infantile and mystical religious ways which civilization defines as valuable while based on religious thought, and; the scientific, analytic, and rational ways. An assumption made by Freud in this situation is that the entire method of civilization is based on human’s conscious analyses of the motives of human life that are not trustworthy, and that people do adopt analytical attitudes and methods which as a result lead to a truer, a healthier understanding of the motives, high levels of consistency, and a summary giving a brief on why and how people do it. The common human characteristics is that people have the notion of religion which they hold so dearly and use it to organize their actions and value-systems, though their grounds for this religion value, based on scrutiny, resulted into being explicable through unconscious psychic drivers and processes. Chapter two of the same book shows how the fact that religion exists is an illustration and a manifestation of infantile origins of human beings in the seeking of a father figure to secure them against the world’s pains and depression. Further still, this depicts that civilization has an immensely deep and systematic discontents in the human life, for without them, region would not be a thing of practice since there would be no need for it in eternity. On the contrary, though, there is need for religion since life as it is found by human is quite hard as it brin gs too much pain, impossible tasks, and disappointments. Therefore, for the purpose of keeping by it, human cannot dispense with such palliative measures (Freud, S., 2002, p. 23). These measures are threefold; deflection of needs, intoxicants, and substitutions for needs. To expound on this, Freud moves on to elaborate on the main purpose of life, overhauled in religion. He, in his own perspective, sees no cosmic purpose to the human life but sees an internal psychic purpose upon which anyone’s psychic economy is based, as the pursuit of happiness or experience of pleasure. Pleasure principle is denoted by an individual’s imperative towards the pursuit of pleasure, but the minds pursuit of happiness being in loggerheads with the entire world’s happenings. Religion plays an important role of trying to restrict people’s efforts by continuously imposing its moral codes upon people who are naturally characterized to have different ways of trying to negotiate their ways to happiness, even though, the project may entirely experience drawbacks.  

Spanish Piece on Youth Fashion Essay Example for Free

Spanish Piece on Youth Fashion Essay The twentieth century is known as the century of the technological age, the technology is present in the lives of the people who live in this century, devices such as computers, cell phones, digital cameras or terms as the Internet and social networks are very common and great importance in our lives. But the fashion is very important for people of twentieth century, the fashion became associated and changing according to different urban tribes. Membership of these groups is evident in the ideology, music, lifestyle and appearance. The use of certain brands of clothing, the use of certain items or colors, distinctive shape of the hair, makeup identifies the various tribes. Well were going to talk about urban tribes. The Emo, dye their hair red, gold or purple piers, wear their hair very smooth to cover one eye or the entire face. Their clothes leans towards dark colors, preferably black. The shirts are usually of smaller size than normal and varied impressions. The black eyeliner and lip piercings are also characteristic features. The use Floggers locks and long hairstyles with bangs that will cover their half of the face, and women makeup with strong colors. The look is completed with slim fit jeans, low cut shirts and jackets, all brightly colored sneakers, hats, crowns, and large sunglasses. The Darks are young people who dress in black, often wear clothes of aristocratic style of times past. They wear crucifixes, rings and pendants concerning bats, skulls and spiders. Makeup their face to look paler and painted her lips and nails black. The punk is not a recent trend. His hair is shaped like a pointy ridge and dyed in bright colors like red and purple, use a little torn jeans and jackets or leather Jean pointy and shiny accessories called taches. They paint their nails dark colors. The rappers and canis use soccer teams hats. Use shoes, prefer to use the tabs unleashed and out. They wear sweatpants, usually are broad, like t-shirts or sweatshirts. The Otakus like to dress like a character in the cartoons, especially the eastern anime.

military supply chain Essays -- essays research papers

Considering that the military’s logistical structure hasn’t had a major improvement in over 60 years, the idea of streamlining and consolidating systems would be a welcome and much needed change. I currently work in the ammunition field for the U.S. Army and have done so for the past 18 years. The changes that the Marines are beginning to implement will help to free up resources and cut funds that could be used for other projects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the attacks of 9-11, many of the military logisticians realized that we were not finished with what we had begun in 1991. They also realized that there had to be a better way to support the force. I deployed with the Army in Desert Storm and was witness to hundreds of containers arriving at the pier overseas with no idea of what was inside. The only option was to open the containers, inventory the contents and figure out who needed it most.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the ammunition field the thought is that you can never have too much. Unfortunately this was not the case as when we prepared to leave we were forced to destroy and bury thousands of short tons of ammunition that was not used and could not be shipped back to the states. This could have been avoided if the military had a more modern means of controlling its inventories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The changes that the Marines are implementing have allowed them to achieve massive benefits: (Sapient n.d.) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A leaner support structure that will free up 1800 marines from logistics duties and make them available for other purposes †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Faster deployment capability resulting from a 20 percent to 70 percent reduction in the tonnage it needs to ship †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A one-time reduction in inventory of 45 percent to61 percent Inventory cost saving of $125 million to $180 million every year †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A 35 percent to 50 percent reduction in order-cycle time for products and services   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that these changes are long overdue and will continue to allow the U. S. military to be the most feared military force in the history of man. In the past the military was expected to â€Å"dig in† and prepare to fight the long fight. This was alright at the time because the military was focused on only one enemy and continued to fight... ... systems of all branches of military were able to communicate effectively, this would result in a more efficient and stronger work force.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the major implications that could be felt through the government supply world is the potential loss of income. As it stands right now, there are over 200 separate systems. Each of these systems requires operators and equipment. If the number of systems is cut in half to 100, how will the suddenly unemployed react? It has been my experience in the government that a job that would normally require one person to complete, is given two or three people. This type of fraud and waste is what will be the major obstacle for the government to overcome if they truly want to improve the supply chain in the military. REFERENCES Ewalt, D. M. & Hayes, M., (2002, Sep 30). Supply-chain management: Pinpoint control InformationWeek. Manhasset, 16-19 Hyland, T. (2002, Oct.). Logistics is not supply chain management. Transportation & Distribution. Cleveland, 32-35. Sapient: Modernizing Military Logistics: USMC case study, (n.d.) Sapient corporate website. Accessed 10 August 2005 at http://www.sapient.com/case/usmc.htm military supply chain Essays -- essays research papers Considering that the military’s logistical structure hasn’t had a major improvement in over 60 years, the idea of streamlining and consolidating systems would be a welcome and much needed change. I currently work in the ammunition field for the U.S. Army and have done so for the past 18 years. The changes that the Marines are beginning to implement will help to free up resources and cut funds that could be used for other projects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the attacks of 9-11, many of the military logisticians realized that we were not finished with what we had begun in 1991. They also realized that there had to be a better way to support the force. I deployed with the Army in Desert Storm and was witness to hundreds of containers arriving at the pier overseas with no idea of what was inside. The only option was to open the containers, inventory the contents and figure out who needed it most.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the ammunition field the thought is that you can never have too much. Unfortunately this was not the case as when we prepared to leave we were forced to destroy and bury thousands of short tons of ammunition that was not used and could not be shipped back to the states. This could have been avoided if the military had a more modern means of controlling its inventories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The changes that the Marines are implementing have allowed them to achieve massive benefits: (Sapient n.d.) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A leaner support structure that will free up 1800 marines from logistics duties and make them available for other purposes †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Faster deployment capability resulting from a 20 percent to 70 percent reduction in the tonnage it needs to ship †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A one-time reduction in inventory of 45 percent to61 percent Inventory cost saving of $125 million to $180 million every year †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A 35 percent to 50 percent reduction in order-cycle time for products and services   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that these changes are long overdue and will continue to allow the U. S. military to be the most feared military force in the history of man. In the past the military was expected to â€Å"dig in† and prepare to fight the long fight. This was alright at the time because the military was focused on only one enemy and continued to fight... ... systems of all branches of military were able to communicate effectively, this would result in a more efficient and stronger work force.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the major implications that could be felt through the government supply world is the potential loss of income. As it stands right now, there are over 200 separate systems. Each of these systems requires operators and equipment. If the number of systems is cut in half to 100, how will the suddenly unemployed react? It has been my experience in the government that a job that would normally require one person to complete, is given two or three people. This type of fraud and waste is what will be the major obstacle for the government to overcome if they truly want to improve the supply chain in the military. REFERENCES Ewalt, D. M. & Hayes, M., (2002, Sep 30). Supply-chain management: Pinpoint control InformationWeek. Manhasset, 16-19 Hyland, T. (2002, Oct.). Logistics is not supply chain management. Transportation & Distribution. Cleveland, 32-35. Sapient: Modernizing Military Logistics: USMC case study, (n.d.) Sapient corporate website. Accessed 10 August 2005 at http://www.sapient.com/case/usmc.htm

The Amish Way of Life

The Amish way of life Sherri S. Archer-Taylor ANT101: Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Instructor Jason Gonzalez December 10, 2011 The Amish way of life I. The Amish way of life has many interesting concepts and unique beliefs that set them apart from any other culture. While some may see the Amish way of life as a cult, there simplistic way of life and there family values and beliefs make them one of the strongest sects in today’s society. II. The Amish primary mode of subsistence is farming. Making them Horticulturalists. The Amish are farmers first they plant several crops every year depending on the season as well as women tending to gardens, the Amish feed themselves. A. According to Donald Kraybill (2001) the Amish have always been tillers of the soil and people of the land. B. When a young Amish couple gets married they are given a parcel of land by one of the fathers. This land is given so that the couple can get a head start on taking care of themselves and earning a living. C. The Amish people today do not use many modern day agriculture implements depending on the old ways to farm and harvest crops. III. The economy of the Amish is growing more complex. Where they were once mostly self-sustaining they are now finding it necessary to make and sell durable goods to supplement their income. A. According to Dr. George Kreps (1997) Tourism has not affected the core of Amish culture but it has had several lasting impacts. Such as traffic and crowds which make the Amish people shy away from certain areas because they do not like to interact with the common folk. B. Land has been harder to purchase for expansion due to rising cost. And the soil is no longer as plentiful as it once was. C. Amish now make furniture and other wood work items, and the women sew quilts and clothing to supplement the family’s income. D. Food is never sold or traded if a family can find another means of income. Food is reserved to fee the family. IV. The Beliefs and values of the Amish people are core in there society. They have been practicing these beliefs and values since the beginning of the Amish order which was sometime around the â€Å"1880†s. A. Holidays observed by the Amish re very religious during certain holidays the Amish people are more religious and family centered than any other culture. B. Amish people wear white clothes for a burial and they wear blue to a wedding. When a funeral occurs in the Amish culture there are no flowers, the coffin is plain wood, and there is no singing. A hymn is spoken, there are no eulogies. C. According to Charles Hurst (2010) the Amish have survived by being plain and depen ding on hardly any new technology and with limited help from outsiders. V. While the rest of the world has progressed with technology and change the Amish have also progressed with social change. A. The Amish travel still by horse and buggy only using a car to go on long important trips such as to a hospital or to see relatives in another state. B. All men in an Amish society still wear beards. C. They are still firm in there want to be separated from the world. And place important emphasis on simplicity and humility. D. They shun members who have been excommunicated E. They still use horse and plow to farm their fields. F. They have no internet or computers but they do use calculators. The Amish are simple people who live by farming, gardening, livestock and supplementing there income by wood working and quilt making. They choose to keep outsiders away from their lives. Their children are educated in a one room school house by another usually female of the sect. the young men help their father with farming and milking duties and the young women help garden with their mothers with cooking and watching their younger siblings. Some people may think they are wired or that they act like a cult but their simple way of life and there strong ties to one another has insured that the Amish will continue enduring for a long time. REFERENCES Hurst Charles M. (1998) the religion and family connection 29 (13) 19 Retrieved from http://psycnet. apa. org/? &fa=main. doiLanding&uid=1988-97583-000 Kraybill, Donald B. Pages: 423 (2001) Riddle of Amish Culture (Revised Edition) Retrieved from http://site. ebrary. com/lib/ashford/doc Dr. George Kreps (1997). The Impact of Tourism on the Amish Subculture Community Dev. J (1997) 32 (4): 354-367. doi: 10. 1093/cdj/32. 4. 354

Sociological Approach to the Study of Religion

Outline and assess one of the main approaches to the study of religions. Religion and ‘The Study of Religions’ has many approaches which try to investigate the core of what religion is and what it means to the people who practice it. Sociology is one such approach that this essay will be looking at through its founding fathers Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Karl Marx. Sociology in general looks at people’s dynamics and explains a group’s influence. It demonstrates how religious belief and practices have become so important over time and emphasises their role and significance throughout. Each of these three sociologists has a link to these ideas which will be the main thesis in this essay. Emile Durkheim looks at religion from a functionalist perspective in the sense that he assumes that religion has a positive role in society, as it acts as an important socialisation process for all members. The theory is largely based on the Arunta tribe in Australia, where he discovered objects worshipped which he calls ‘totems. ’ These totems according to him were an important factor in the society; seeing that the objects became a symbol of the group’s identity and unity. These objects he claims are â€Å"collective representation† (Fish, Jonathan S. 2005: 30) as they have reinforced the importance of integration into the community via the worshipped objects. The worshipped object have an emotional significance to them as the â€Å"totems serve as evocative device for reminding individuals of their initial feelings long after the assemblies† (Fish, Jonathan S. 2005:51) therefore evidently it becomes more about the idea and symbolism of the object rather than the object itself that unites all. Thus making the idea of rituals of greater significance as it generally binds people together which for Durkheim is always a positive thing. On the other hand, Durkheim does not offer a real explanation on why some deviate from such society’s e. g. Islamic fundamentalists such as the Taliban. Perhaps his theory generally works on a tribal base rather than bigger societies, where conflicts and divides are more common; in a smaller community less people are likely to go against the status quo. Moreover, to say that religion only plays a positive role is absurd. How can one explain the atrocities that occur on the name of religion for instance? For this reason I find Durkheim’s theory limiting as it does not look at all aspects of religion or religious life but merely draws a quick conclusion to it. Also according to this perspective religion instils the same norms and values for everyone, making it a regulatory function in society. Religion for Marx then becomes a form of social control which provides guidelines through religious texts e. g. 10 commandments. These norms which are shared gives people the opportunity to unite to what may be seen as morally incorrect or sinful. This can be vital in a society as it can allow social stability. Durkheim argument is plausible as there has been a significant rise in New Religious Movements. This evidently shows that people still require religion in their life. Moreover, the recent increase on religious fundamentalists can be a point that strengthens Durkheim argument as it can be evidence for people being threatened by a weakening society. Karl Marx similar to Durkheim starts with the assumption that religion is in fact a product of society. Importantly, however, he disagrees with Durkheim as he does not see religion as beneficial for the whole of society but argues it benefits only the ruling class or what he calls the ‘bourgeoisie’. Religion, according to Marx only transmits bourgeoisie ideologies to convince the working class or ‘proletariats’ that inequality is natural and fair phenomena in the world. Making religion as a whole a â€Å"collective smoke-screen† (Connolly, P. 1999:100) as it distorts reality which gives explanation for inequality as being of religious significance i. e. sin. For Marx this is the core idea behind religion making it a tool for oppression and a form of social control. Religion is claimed to be the â€Å"opium of the people† (Hamilton, Malcolm B 2001:81), making it a drug which is used by people as an illusion to hide or cover up the real causes of suffering, which for Marx is primarily capitalism. Capitalism covers up religion and manages to help the bourgeoisie greatly, as it becomes a â€Å"comforting illusion† (Hamilton, Malcolm B 2001:80) as the proletariats do not question the status quo due to their belief in getting a greater reward in the afterlife. Religion itself is used to justify hierarchy in the world, a verse in a hymn such as the following are used, â€Å"the rich man in his castle, the poor man at his gate, god made them. Highly or lowly, and ordered their state†. This stresses Marx’s point that as it’s believed to be sanctioned by God it is unlikely to be challenged by anyone. The Marxists perspective generally makes many valid arguments which society can relate to even today. The idea of caste system is still relevant in many Hindu traditions (although generally frowned upon). Buddhism has the idea of karma meaning if you are a poor person in this life then it’s to do with your own bad karma in the previous life. Therefore Marxism is correct in this aspect, that religion is used in order to justify inequality. Another key piece of evidence for the Marxists perspective is the fact that the Catholic Church is arguably allowing the spread of aids due to its stance against contraception. As a result of this, there is a continuation of social deprivation especially in Africa which further illustrates that religion is generally used to keep social inequality. Marxism disagrees that religion can bring about social change, this, however can be disputed. This is mainly due to the fact religious leaders have challenged the status quo in order to bring about change in their societies. Two main examples being Father Camillo Torres Restrepo and Martin Luther King whose works brought about a vast amount of change to Colombia and America respectively. Evidently this contrasts to the Marxists view as it shows that religion can in fact bring about social change and consequently allow for equality. Personally, I feel that the Marxists view limits human nature as it assumes they will simply follow rather than stand up to injustice. More importantly sociology in general claims to work in an objective and scientific way but I cannot see how it is possible with Marxists ideas such as on the religion being a drug and comforting as these ideas are impossible to measure. Max Weber is regarded as a social action theorist due to his claim that religion can shape and define society. He argues that religion can indeed bring about social change; he bases his argument on a Christian group named the Calvinists whom according to him brought about a form of western capitalism. This form of â€Å"ascetic Protestantism† (Johnstone, Ronald L. 2004:196) allows for the growth of capitalism because of their belief on disciplined hard work which to them emphasised the Glory of God. This â€Å"spirit of capitalism† (Furseth, Inger and Pal Repstad 2006:36) did not allow for the accumulation of wealth but actually encouraged reinvestment back into the society according to Weber. The so called Protestant ethics approach leads him to believe that this led to social change as society turned to mass producing mechanised industries. Another way the Calvinist were able to bring about social change, was thorough the apprehension people had. Calvinists believed in predestination which led to the belief that having a good business or being successful could have indicated that you were one of God’s chosen people. This gives the perception that people were competing over heaven and failure was not an option for people. However, Weber does not limit the growth of capitalism to the Calvinist alone as he is aware of other factors. Weber’s argument must be treated with a degree of caution. Evidence suggests that Protestant nations were not always capitalistic and vice versa. Also many believe that Catholic countries were already flourishing before the breakaway from Catholicism occurred. The study of Religions deal with many wide and opposing issues some of which have been covered in this essay through the works of Durkheim, Marx and Weber. Although, each sociologist does give a good account of explaining the dynamics within a religious group but with each case a very simplistic and generalised view was given by the sociologist about religion. It is plausible to argue that religion brings people together through rituals but is it not a natural thing for people to unite whilst doing something together? In this view then perhaps anything can be said to have religious significance as long as it brings people together. Additionally, the idea of a greater reward in the afterlife is not the only justification given about inequality. In the greater sense inequality within religion can be about anything from the roles of men and women to dress code. Therefore once again this idea has been limited to it being about capitalism. Religion is said to be able to bring about social change which arguably is a factor but for it to be the only thing is for me far fetched. It is an inherent thing for people to fight when they are being wronged. It is about something within rather than it being about religion.

The Right to Baptize Essay

The Right to Baptize Essay The Right to Baptize Essay THE RIGHT TO BAPTIZE A sixteenth century radical group of believers, who became known as the Anabaptists, greatly influenced modern day Baptists by their faith and sacrifice. The Anabaptists, along with many other believers who were frustrated with Roman Catholic rule, took part in the Reformation that birthed the Protestantism which so many Christians can appreciate today. The freedom that we experience today as American Protestants was merely a dream to the Anabaptists. They were martyred by the thousands for their unwavering beliefs. In fact, during the reformation years 4000-5000 Anabaptists were executed by fire, water, or sword.[1] Keith L. Sprunger gave a great description of their faith and zeal when he wrote, â€Å"To their fellow believers, the Anabaptist martyrs were spiritual heroes. Through the speaking and singing with Christlike demeanor in the hour of death, the martyrs acted out ‘effectual sermons’ which touched the hearts and eyes of all who watched them.†[2] One would be inclined to believe that modern day Baptists, along with all other American Protestant Christians, could never properly process this scene, as we ha ve never been faced with such persecution nor had to display our faith to this degree. To question whether or not modern Christians would be willing to die over issues such as infant baptism would only reveal a far less zealous conviction in the present. The Anabaptists played a major role in the birth of Protestantism, in which Baptists represent a large number. Shelly wrote, â€Å"In their belief in the separation of church and state the Anabaptists proved to be forerunners of practically all modern Protestants.†[3]After the Second Diet of Worms in 1529, the Anabaptists were part of the evangelical minority, which included the Sacramentarians, who could only offer a protest against their eradication. The word ‘Protestant’ was a result of this protest.[4] The Anabaptists did not actually like the name they were given, which means rebaptizer. In fact, they much preferred the name Baptist. Although, their fundamental view was not Baptism, â€Å"it was the nature of the church and its relation to civil governments.† [5] Perhaps the Anabaptists largest contribution was their zeal for the separation of church and state. The Anabaptists’ reasoning for rebellion may be best described in this paragraph read out of the book titled, â€Å"The Free Church.† Further it was declared that it was not fitting for a Christian to be a member of the Government. Reason? The worldly government is according to the flesh, but the Christian according to the spirit. Their house and dwelling is fleshly in this world, the Christian’s in heaven†¦. Their strife and weapons of war are fleshly and against flesh alone; but the Christian weapons are spiritual, against the fortress of the devil. The worldly are equipped with armor only against the flesh but the Christians are equipped with the armor of God- truth, righteousness, peace, faith, salvation and the Word of God.[6] The Mennonites are considered to be modern day Anabaptists. In the book, Christ and Culture, the author states that, â€Å"the Mennonites best represent Protestant Sectarianism, since they not only renounce all participation in politics and refuse to be drawn into military service, but follow their own distinctive customs and regulations in economics and education.† [7] The Mennonites are their direct descendants when one considers their defiance to government rule. However, they are the extreme when considering the beginning goal of the Anabaptist movement. The reason in which the Anabaptists defied the government in the beginning was their disagreement in infant baptism, due to their strong belief in believer baptism. This caused a conflict with the government because infant baptism was a way the government was able to keep census. Their strong beliefs regarding believer baptism set them in the direction of the yet to be formed Baptist Church.

Learning a Lesson from 50 Tips on How to Write Good

Learning a Lesson from 50 Tips on How to Write Good Learning a Lesson from â€Å"50 Tips on How to Write Good† Learning a Lesson from â€Å"50 Tips on How to Write Good† By Mark Nichol Last week, I wrote a post I didn’t write. In the introductory paragraph, I clearly stated that it was a mash-up of two similar and, to many people, familiar packages of pronouncements that illustrate the writing errors (or are they?) they are intended to highlight. For what I thought were obvious reasons, I didn’t state outright that this list is a parody of writing rules, though I did offer a hint with a reference to â€Å"wit and wisdom,† which I considered a tip-off that the article is not to be taken at face value. Thus, I was flabbergasted to receive a flurry of emails castigating me for 1) using the phrase â€Å"write good† in place of â€Å"write well† in the headline (which, like the content, I borrowed from the original writers) and 2) writing an egregiously error-filled post. At first, I was inclined in this follow-up post to write, â€Å"Don’t feel bad if you were hornswoggled.† I recalled the schoolroom handout listing seemingly random and inane tasks students are instructed to perform one by one after reading through the entire page first the last item of which reads something like â€Å"Do nothing on this list except write your name on this paper and put your pencil down.† If you experienced this exercise, do you recall how you giggled while you sat there after writing your name and putting your pencil down, smugly watching your classmates pat their heads while rubbing their stomachs, then hoot like an owl three times, and follow whatever other goofy instructions preceded the injunction to ignore all preceding items? Or perhaps, like me, you didn’t read the last item very carefully. But then, when I reread the scolding responses to â€Å"50 Tips on How to Write Good† (which, in case you didn’t notice, has 52 items, plus a postscript that counts as number 53), I was reminded that many people don’t read very carefully. And there’s more to the list than meets the eye. Some items simply illustrate, through deliberate error, the peril of ignoring the admonition within. Others, like â€Å"Avoid alliteration. Always.† and â€Å"Employ the vernacular,† point out the fallacies within: Alliteration is a valid stylistic device (and one you may notice I enthusiastically embrace), and sesquipedalian sentences arrest one’s ocular organs just use these strategies sparingly. Months ago, I wrote a post in which I jokingly titled a section â€Å"Write Good.† When several readers commented on the poor grammar, Daniel, the site’s webmaster, and I agreed that the deliberate error was distracting, and he changed it to â€Å"Write Well.† But when I decided to disseminate last week’s humorous lesson on writing, I assumed that even if site visitors were initially taken aback by the sight of â€Å"Write Good† in the headline, they would, after reading the list, understand why I had erred in my word choice. For many readers, obviously, that didn’t happen, and for them, â€Å"50 Tips on How to Write Good† was a washout. But what was the alternative? â€Å"50 Funny, Fallacious Tips on How to Write Good (You Know I Meant ‘Well’)† is a thudding spoiler. The lesson for me is to write what comes naturally but to realize that, although I have a role in, and some responsibility for, how my writing is received, it is ultimately the individual reader who determines the success or failure of that writing. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About NumbersWhat is the Difference Between Metaphor and Simile?Sit vs. Set

Property Law Assessment 1 Formal Legal Advice Essay

Property Law Assessment 1 Formal Legal Advice - Essay Example On his bed, he realises minimal chances of survival and calls for a meeting. He gives Sonya a cheque worth  £100,000 on his own current account and note meant to transfer ownership of his shares of the house to her. The main issue in this scenario is the gifts that Leo gives to Sonya. The transfer of ownership depends on whether Leo dies. An issue may arise where Leo recovers from the disease and Sonya is not ready to surrender the gifts (Lorberbaum, 2001, p. 46). 2 4. He gives Sharon the key to his tin box under his bed telling her the contents belonged to her. The main issue in this scenario is the transfer of the gifts that Leo gives to Sharon. The transfer of the property will not be possible if Leo recovers, and he gives since he realizes minimal chances of survival.3 5. He gave Ben his accountant’s business card, telling him to contact him and get ownership of all his share certificates, sell them and give the proceeds to Leo’s students in equal shares Siam (Legal International, 2001). An issue might arise concerning the authority to transfer ownership of share certificates. Ben must be convinced that Leo has approved the transfer.4 6. Leo recovers from the illness. A part of the roof falls on him on leaving for his first walk since the infection, and he dies instantly. The main issue in this scenario is the death of Leo. It is accidental, therefore, all the gifts that he had given out succeeds. 7. Ben arranges to sell the shares and spend the proceeds on a holiday. The main issue in the scenario is the sale of shares. Ben arranges to surrender his shareholding in the house which is possible since he is the legal owner of the house.5 2. The property concerning this scenario falls under estates. Donatio mortis causa is a method through which ownership of property passes without the need to comply with the formalities of Wills Acts when death occurs. The courts develop and extend the doctrine on a case-by-case basis. This results in the

Modern and Contemporary Asian Art Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Modern and Contemporary Asian Art - Article Example Marko Mori was born in 1967, in Tokyo Japan. Her father was an inventor and real estate manager. On the other hand, her mother was a historian of European art. Mori started working as a fashion model in 1980 while studying at Bunka Fashion College in Tokyo. She later on moved to London to study at the Chelsea College of art and design. She studied there until 1992 when she moved to New York and took part in the independent program at the Whitney Museum of American art. Mariko currently resides in New York and Tokyo. Marko Mori was born in 1967, in Tokyo Japan. Her father was an inventor and real estate manager. On the other hand, her mother was a historian of European art. Mori started working as a fashion model in 1980 while studying at Bunka Fashion College in Tokyo. She later on moved to London to study at the Chelsea College of art and design. She studied there until 1992 when she moved to New York and took part in the independent program at the Whitney Museum of American art. Ma riko currently resides in New York and Tokyo. In 1996, Marko Mori released a video titled, link of the moon. In the video, the five aspects of humanity get clearly illustrated (Bailey 2000, p.4). These are birth, death, love, sex and beauty. The video uses DVD on five screens to display the movements involve in martial arts. In the video, Marko Mori holds a crystal ball which symbolizes transformation and transportation. There are curious passers-by who seem less concerned with Marko Mori. They pass by her. The passers-by can be symbolized in the capsule as colorful distortions. Marko Mori started her large scale self portrait in the mid 1990’s. She used multimedia techniques to establish herself with performances and videos of the traditional Japanese rituals. Her themes illustrate everything in the modern Japan while showing the trends in fashion experienced in Japan. One can hardly point out on a style used by Mori. Hers is a collection of many styles blended together. Her belief, which is neither Buddhist nor Shiro, comes out clearly in her artworks (Smith et al 2008, p.6). Her belief seems to stem from technology. Technology in some aspects can be described to be Mori’s religion. Her use of technology in an artwork is quite well blended. She manages to integrate the two, technology and art, to bring out the ideas she wants to express. In Nirvana, which got released in 1997, Mori transforms into a flying divinity. This can be said to have been borrowed from the Buddhism religion. She, however, does not recreate a symbol with this art. She rather manages to express a divinity of the future. This is the extent to which Mori manages to use technology in her artistic work (Wu et al 2010, p.1).

Australian Tourism and Hospitality Law Case Study - 1

Australian Tourism and Hospitality Law - Case Study Example The case was dismissed in the long run and the plaintiff sued the state after becoming a quadriplegic after diving into the rock pool. Larry’s case is not so much different from the previous case and he can sue against the National Park’s authority basing his argument on the different provisions of law. Larry can sue the authorities based on the provisions of the Civil Liability Act (CLA) that provides for safety measures in work places1. He can also sue for negligence and failure to observe the duty of care by the authorities. However, subject to the above ruling, the defendant is bound to claim that the rock pool was cited as a place of interest. Defenses available to the defendant are that he was not aware that Larry and his friend were within the vicinity so there was no negligence on his part since he did not see them as they used a different route to get the pool. Besides, it was their duty to exercise care considering it was a new environment and exposure to them. Common law provides that if a person is injured as a result of negligence, then the person is entitled to full compensation in terms of damages, based on the court ruling extent of negligence and duty of care2. On the basis of common practices, the case may be bound to be dismissed considering the rulings of other cases like it. However, under the civil liability legislation, Larry may be compensated for injuries he has sustained maintaining other provisions of law such as

the history about oxidation ponds

the history about oxidation ponds Introduction The most popular wastewater treatment is Oxidation ponds, which will produce an effluent meeting the recommended microbiological and chemical quality guidelines both at low cost and with minimum operational and maintenance cost. A low level of treatment is especially suitable in developing countries, not only from the point of view of cost but also in terms of the difficulty of operating complex systems. In many locations it will be better to design the reuse system to accept a low-grade of effluent rather than to rely on advanced treatment processes producing a reclaimed effluent which continuously meets a stringent quality standard. Oxidation ponds are now regarded as the method of first choice for the treatment of wastewater in many parts of the world. In Europe, for example Oxidation ponds are very widely used for small rural communities (approximately upto 2000 population but larger systems exist in Mediterranean France and also in Spain and Portugal). In the United States one third of all wastewater treatment plants are Oxidation ponds, usually serving populations up to 5000. However, in warmer climates (the Middle East, Africa, Asia and Latin America) ponds are commonly used for larger populations (upto around 1 million). In developing countries and especially in the tropical and equatorial regions sewage treatment by Oxidation ponds has been considered an ideal way of using natural processes to improve sewage effluents. Oxidation ponds, also called Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP) or lagoons, are holding basins used for secondary wastewater (sewage effluents) treatment where decomposition of organic matter is processed naturally, i.e. biologically. The activity in the Oxidation ponds is a complex symbiosis of bacteria and Algae, which stabilizes the waste and reduces pathogens. The result of this biological process is to convert the organic content of the effluent to more stable and less offensive forms. Oxidation ponds are used to treat a variety of wastewaters, from domestic wastewaters to complex industrial waters, and they function under a wide range of weather conditions, i.e. tropical to arctic. They can be used alone or in combination with treatment processes. There are normally at least two ponds constructed. The first pond reduces the organic material using aerobic digestion while the second pond polishes the effluent and reduces the pathogens present in sewage. Sewage enters a large pond after passing through a settling and screening chamber. After retention for several days, the flow is often passed into a second pond for further treatment before it is discharged into a drain. Bacteria already present in sewage acts to break down organic matter using oxygen from the surface of the pond. Oxidation ponds need to be dislodged periodically in order to work effectively. There are three types of Oxidation Ponds which are, Anaerobic ponds Facultative ponds Maturation ponds Usually an Oxidation ponds system comprises a single series of the three ponds types. In essence, anaerobic and facultative ponds are designed for BOD removal (Biological Oxidation Demand) and maturation ponds for pathogen removal, although some BOD removal occurs in maturation ponds and some pathogen removal in anaerobic and facultative ponds. In many instances only anaerobic and facultative ponds are required. Anaerobic Ponds Anaerobic ponds are deep treatment ponds that exclude oxygen and encourage the growth of bacteria, which breaks down the effluent. Its in the anaerobic pond that the effluent begins breaking down in the absence of oxygen anaerobically. The anaerobic pond acts like an uncovered septic tank. Anaerobic bacteria break down the organic matter in the effluent, releasing methane and carbon dioxide. Sludge is deposited on the bottom and a crust forms on the surface as . Anaerobic ponds are commonly 2-5 m deep and receive such a high Organic loading (usually > 100 g BOD/m3 d equivalent to > 3000 kg/ha/d for a depth of 3 m). They contain an Organic loading that is very high relative to the amount of Oxygen entering the pond, which maintains anaerobic conditions to the pond surface. Anaerobic ponds dont contain algae, although occasionally a thin film of mainly Chlamydomonas can be seen at the surface. They work extremely well in warm climate (can attain 60-85% BOD removal) and have relatively short retention time (for BOD of up to 300 mg/l, one day is sufficient at temperature > 20oC). Facultative Ponds Facultative ponds (1-2 m deep) are of two types: primary facultative ponds, which receive raw wastewater and secondary facultative ponds, which receive settled wastewater (usually the effluent from anaerobic ponds). They are designed for BOD removal on the basis of a relatively low surface loading (100-400 kg BOD/ha d at temperature between 20 °C and 25 °C) to permit the development of a healthy Algal population as the Oxygen for BOD removal by the pond bacteria is mostly generated by Algal photosynthesis. Due to the Algae facultative ponds are coloured dark green, although they may occasionally appear red or pink (especially when slightly overloaded) due to the presence of Anaerobic purple sulphide-oxidizing photosynthetic bacteria. Algae populations within the aerobic pond require sunlight. They develop and produce oxygen in excess of their own requirements. It is this excess of oxygen that is used by bacteria to further break down the Organic matter within the effluent. The algal production of oxygen occurs near the surface of aerobic ponds to the depth to which light can penetrate. Oxygen can also be introduced by wind. This facultative condition occurs because high oxygen levels cannot be maintained to the total depth of aerobic ponds. So, a fully aerobic surface layer develops along with an aerobic/anaerobic intermediate layer, and a fully anaerobic layer on the pond bottom. Oxygen is unable to be maintained at the lower layers when, the pond is too deep and the colour is too dark to allow light to penetrate fully. The demand for oxygen in the lower layer is higher than the supply. Demand is increased with high levels of organic matter. The anaerobic layer will be deeper in an aerobic pond where there is an extremely high organic matter content of the inflowing effluent. The surface layer, rich in oxygen is not adequately mixed with the bottom layer. Maturation Ponds These ponds receive the effluent from a facultative pond and its size and number depends on the required bacteriological quality of the final effluent. Maturation ponds are shallow (1.0-1.5 m) m, and their entire volume is well oxygenated throughout the day. Their algal population is much more diverse than of facultative ponds. Thus, the algal diversity increases from pond to pond along the series. The main removal mechanisms especially of pathogens and faecal coliforms are ruled by algal activity in synergy with photo-oxidation. On the other hand, maturation ponds only achieve a small removal of BOD5, but their contribution to nitrogen and phosphorus removal is more significant. A total nitrogen removal of 80% in all waste Oxodation pond systems, which in this figure corresponds to 95% ammonia removal. It should be emphasised that most ammonia and nitrogen is removed in maturation ponds. However, the total phosphorus removal in maturation ponds system is low, usually less than 50%. Methodology And Its Evaluation As part of my report, I choose Waiwera Oxidation pond in Rodney District council. This pond has been designed for a population of about 1920 with the Orewa ponds. Septic tank sludge is not permitted in this ponds, there are two ponds operated in Waiwera, which are medium depth of 1.7m. This pond has flat clay bottoms and clay compacted with concrete wave barriers with a 25 degrees slope (1 in 2.1). Water is transferred between ponds through a submerged pipe and effluent is discharged to the Waiwera River with a submerged outlet. Council doesnt allow to discharge between 15th of December to 1st of February every year. So, the discharge outlet is shown in figure 4 and 5 below. Discharged Treated Water To Waiwera River These ponds are build on mangrove flats of the Waiwera River. The ponds have been operating since 1974 and the only problem occurred due to moribund blue-green algae. The ponds are operated as a primary pond, the smaller pond was used with estimated loading of only 36 kg BOD/ha day until 22nd December 1977, but when the larger pond became the primary pond the load then being approximately 21 kg BOD/ha day. In Waiwera Oxidation pond blue-green algae were Microcystis, aeruginosa and Anabaenopsis. In pond 1 green algae were only dominant during August to September 1977, when Chlorella was the most number in species, but during march to April 1978 when Actinastrum, hantzschii was the only dominant. While changing from pond 1 to the primary pond didnt appeared to affect the algal species. Which can be seen in figure 6 down below. Blue-Green Algae In Pond Green algae were dominant for more time in pond 2 rather than pond 1. During that time pond 2 was the primary pond. Selesnastrum minutum was a dominant for a short period in July 1977, then Chlorella and Micractinium pusillum then Actinastrum hantzschii during mid-November 1977 till mid-January 1978. Faecal coliform bacteria were in higher number in winter period, when the lower than usual removal in the pond. The remaining time removal rate was in excess of 90%, the counting ranged from 9 to 4300 MPN/100ml. The highest consistent removal rate was achieved between January and March 1978, when the detention time was highest. As seen in the above table 1, Oxidation pond water temperatures ranged from 10.4⠁ °C to 26.0⠁ °C. Dissolved Oxygen(D.O) concentrations in both ponds were usually close or over the saturation value except in low algal numbers. In tertiary pond, pH values varied throughout the year, being less than 9 units in the autumn and winter, and exceeding 10 units during times of high blue-green algal numbers in the spring and summer, the highest value recorded being 10.5 units. The chloride concentration in the Waiwera ponds was exceptionally high as a result of thermal water infiltration. The concentration fell each winter through dilution with storm water, the maximum value was 776 g/m3 in January 1978, and the concentration did not fall below 700 g/m3 until May. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentration varied, being less than 20 g/m3 for most of the year, rising to higher values particularly after Algal blooms. Inorganic-N concentrations were noticeably lower than in most other pon d systems, the ammonium-N concentration usually being around 1 g/m3 and the nitrate-N concentration, highest during winter, only being above 0.5 g/m3 in June/July 1977. The total non-filterable residue concentration was highest when dense blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa were present. The turbidity followed the algal count closely. Mineral water infiltration into the Waiwera ponds was implicated by the high lithium concentration being at least 25 times greater than in ponds not influenced by thermal waters, and 2.5 times greater than that in seawater. The high Na:K ratio of 38:1 also favours the thermal water (ratio 9:1). The sodium and chloride concentrations contributed by the thermal water (Na:635 g/m3; c1: g/m3) would be 203 g/m3 and 330 g/m3 respectively, leaving a difference of 75 g/m3 Na and 77 g/m3 C1 which is within the range expected from domestic sewage. Following in the Table 2 and Table 3 and graph 1 shows the Dominant Algae in pond 1 and pond 2 in 1977 and 1978. Order Of Dominant Algae In Waiwera Pond 1 In 1977 Scan And Paste It Order Of Dominant Algae In Waiwera Pond 2 In 1977 Scan And Paste It Efficiency Efficiency depending on the loading rate, temperature, BOD concentration, engineering details of the pond, and maintenance of the pond, particularly with respect to dislodging and crust control. So, the efficiency is quiet effective in that case proved by the above data. There are some advantages and disadvantages of the Oxidation ponds for smaller population area: Advantages Oxidation ponds will produce an effluent meeting, the recommended microbiological and chemical quality guidelines both at low cost with minimal operational and maintenance requirements. It costs low a level of treatment as possible is especially desirable in developing countries, not only from the point of view of cost but also in the difficulty of operating complex systems reliably. It makes the environment better as well as cleaning up the water. It deals a large amount of wastewater at same time. It utilizes the natural resource to help human beings and it can be used in low population. Disadvantages Oxidation ponds in some circumstances create insect and odours problems. But their main disadvantage for a small beach or lakeside community is the relatively large areas of flat land required conveniently located nearby. Impervious subsoils below the pond are necessary to prevent excessive loss by infiltration to the ground water, failing this an impermeable membrane must be laid to keep effluent from escaping through the base and sides of the pond. Lastly, the depth of the pond is not advised to be increased above 2.0 m as efficiency drops away which is more and it occupies large area. Conclusion The purpose of this report is to give a clear concept of the Oxidation Pond and its BOD level and Algae. As well as, the report provides a number of data of a real case in different year. Oxidation ponds require larger space and useful for developing countries and rural areas, where there is low population around 2000 3000. It is low capital treatment plant which is more economic. Oxidation pond treatment plants are considered useful because of their low capital costs, their easy to maintenance and their potentially longer life-cycles. Oxidation ponds proved to be one of the most efficient, high performance and low-cost Waste Water Treatment Technology used around the world. Oxidation pond water temperatures ranged from 10.4⠁ °C to 26.0⠁ °C during that time. There are many aspects of risk, so still need to take perfect steps while constructing the Oxidation pond or Stabilization ponds. They are pond embankment breach, erosion, flooding, noise, insect attraction etc. It would be better to take consideration to those elements when it is designed. Acknowledgements The data for this research was provided by Rodney District Council, New Zealand. The assistance of the staff involved, to arrange time to visit the site. And thanks to Glenys Rule, who took me the site visit, gave me some site maps and photos and the excellent advice. Special thanks to Babar Mahmood (Course coordinator of this course, Senior Lecturer, Programme Director for BE and Programme Coordinator for BEngTech (Civil) Programmes) for giving me this chance to learn about the Oxidation pond. References https://www.iwk.com.my/sewerage-fact-02-04.htm http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6V73-3VGK7KC-2H_user=2486523_rdoc=1_fmt=_orig=search_sort=dview=c_acct=C000057528_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=2486523md5=0c94a848bdfe4328b42e75fe3f162b14 Abis, Karen L. (2002). The performance of facultative waste stabilization ponds in the United Kingdom. Ph.D. thesis, U.K. University of Leeds. â€Å"Loan Proposal for Sewage Treatment and Disposal for Waiwera,† Waitemata County Council â€Å"A survey of Oxidation Ponds in Auckland Region,† Auckland Regional Authority, works division 1979 http://www.irc.nl/page/8237