Financial Investment Climate of Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Company Free Essay Example, 1000 words

The sales amount is recorded in the accounting books if there is a very high assurance that the customers will be able to pay their purchase liabilities within the foreseeable future. Likewise, the company includes the revenue amounts in the accounting books if the ownership of the company s medicine products had been transferred to the business customers. For example, the company records as revenues in the accounting records all stocks that had already left the company s seaport and kept inside the travelling planes, land, vehicles, or boats and are on the way (in transit) towards the company s current and future business clients (Beaver 13). When the revenues are recorded, there is an immediate reduction of the company s inventory amount. The inventory amount of the sold medicine products (possibly travelling towards the customers addresses) are recorded by taking into consideration the costs of the raw materials, the production workers salaries, and other production, admin, and m arketing expenses. For medicine products stored in the company s top distributors, the return of inventories classified as nearing their expiration dates will include as on the hand or current inventories of the company (Beaver 13). We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Investment Climate of Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Company or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Human Cloning Ban An Ethical Debate

Human cloning is illegal in some states, and institutions that receive U.S. federal funding are prohibited from experimenting with it, but there is no federal ban on human cloning in the United States. Should there be? Lets take a closer look. What Is Cloning? Cloning refers to the development of offspring that are genetically identical to their parents. While cloning is often referred to as an unnatural process, it occurs quite often in nature. Identical twins are clones, for example, and asexual creatures reproduce by cloning. Artificial human cloning, however, is both very new and very complex. Is Artificial Cloning Safe? Not yet. It took 277 unsuccessful embryo implantations to produce Dolly the Sheep, and clones tend to age rapidly and experience other health problems. The science of cloning is not particularly advanced. The Benefits of Cloning Cloning can be used to: Produce embryonic stem cells in large quantities.Genetically alter animals to produce organs that can more easily be transplanted into humans.Allow individuals or couples to reproduce through means other than sexual reproduction.Grow replacement human organ tissue from scratch. At this point, the live debate in the United States is over cloning of human embryos. Scientists generally agree that it would be irresponsible to clone a human being until cloning has been perfected, given that the cloned human would probably face serious, and ultimately terminal, health issues. Would a Ban on Human Cloning Pass Constitutional Muster? A ban on embryonic human cloning probably would, at least for now. The Founding Fathers didnt address the issue of human cloning, but its possible to make an educated guess about how the Supreme Court might rule on cloning by looking at abortion law. In abortion, there are two competing interests—the interests of the embryo or fetus, and the constitutional rights of the pregnant woman. The government has ruled that the governments interest in protecting embryonic and fetal life is legitimate at all stages but does not become compelling—i.e., sufficient to outweigh the womans constitutional rights—until the point of viability, usually defined as 22 or 24 weeksIn human cloning cases, there is no pregnant woman whose constitutional rights would be violated by a ban. Therefore, it is quite likely that the Supreme Court would rule that there is no constitutional reason why the government cannot advance its legitimate interest in protecting embryonic life by banning human cloning.This is independent of tissue-specific cloning. The government has no legitimate interest in protecting kidney or liver tissue. Embryonic Cloning Can Be Banned—Should It Be Banned in the United States? The political debate over human embryonic cloning centers on two techniques: Therapeutic cloning, or the cloning of embryos with the intention of destroying those embryos to harvest stem cells.Reproductive cloning, or the cloning of embryos for the purpose of implantation. Nearly all politicians agree that reproductive cloning should be banned, but there is an ongoing debate over the legal status of therapeutic cloning. Conservatives in Congress would like to ban it; most liberals in Congress would not. FDA and the Prohibition of Human Cloning The FDA has asserted the authority to regulate human cloning, which means that no scientist can clone a human being without permission. But some policymakers say theyre concerned that the FDA might one day stop asserting that authority, or even approve human cloning without consulting Congress.

Shareholder Wealth Maximisation Free Essays

SHAREHOLDER WEALTH MAXIMISATION: SUMMARY ‘Business Finance’ assumes that the objective of a company is to maximise shareholder wealth. This means that companies should attempt to maximise the value of the shareholders’ investment in the company. This is achieved by maximising ‘Total Shareholder Returns’: dividends and share price appreciation. We will write a custom essay sample on Shareholder Wealth Maximisation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most powerful basis for understanding and measuring shareholder wealth is the ‘economic valuation model’, under which the value of the shareholders’ investment is measured as the present value of future cash flows that are attributable to the shareholders. This approach involves converting future cash flows into their equivalent value in today’s terms, by adjusting for the effect of the ‘time value of money’. The ‘time value of money’ concept refers to the reality that ? 100 today is worth more than ? 100 in a year’s time. This is for three reasons: †¢ Inflation: which reduces the purchasing power of money over time †¢ Consumption preference: we prefer to spend money now rather than wait to spend in the future †¢ Risk: this refers to the variability of future returns from an investment. This time value of money effect means that shareholders require a rate of return from their investment in a company which is sufficient compensation for the time value of money effect that they suffer. This rate of return is known as the ‘cost of capital’. For a company to create wealth for shareholders, it must generate a rate of return which exceeds the ‘cost of capital’. Arguments in favour of ‘shareholder wealth maximisation’ being the assumed objective of the company: †¢ Shareholders are the legal owners of the company †¢ Shareholders bear the risk †¢ Assuming competitive markets, maximising wealth of shareholders should ensure the interests of customers and employees are also met †¢ Decision-making is simplified Arguments against shareholder wealth maximisation: Some argue it will lead to the interests of other stakeholders such as customers and employees being neglected (eg through selling poor quality, over-priced products and providing poor conditions and rates of pay to employees). However, in competitive markets, arguably the only way that companies will create wealth for shareholders is by selling products/services customers want to buy, and therefore customers’ interests cannot be ignored. Also, the way to ensure customers’ interests are met is arguably by ensuring staff are well motivated and properly trained. Furthermore, employees prospects of having a secure and well paid job are improved by working for a company that is financially successful. †¢ Some argue that it will lead to ‘short-termism’ (decisions that improve short-term profits at the expense of long-term value, such as reducing research and development and marketing investments). However, the concept of economic value means maximising shareholder wealth should mean that long-term and short-term performance is captured. How to cite Shareholder Wealth Maximisation, Essay examples

Women In Combat (1958 words) Essay Example For Students

Women In Combat (1958 words) Essay Women in CombatIn the 1970s, the services traditional attitude toward women was challenged; change was forced upon a reluctant establishment (Holm, 198). The decision to end the draft was the catalyst to such change. This decision allowed for womens participation in the armed forces in unprecedented numbers. The United States Armed Forces have more female numbers than any other nation in the world, both in actual numbers and in percentages (Holm, 1982). The drive for an all-volunteer force, along with an aggressive tide of feminism and congressional passage of the equal rights Amendments led to a gradual shift in the role and status of women in the military (Holm, 1982). In todays military, women were no longer confined to traditional roles in the medical and administrative fields. Almost all military job categories and military occupational specialties (MOS) have been opened to women. They now repair tanks, warplanes, and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). They serve on na val vessels that deploy to service ships and submarines of the operational fleet and on Coast Guard cutters operating off United States shores. They serve on missile crews, operate heavy equipment, and direct air traffic. They also provide essential support to combat troops in the field (Holm, 1982). It appears that women have been integrated into practically every aspect of the military; yet there are some jobs that remain closed to them, namely-direct combat specialties (Holm, 1982; Goldman, 1982). It is over these residual exclusions that controversy rages. Technically, women are barred by low or policy from what is defined in narrow terms as combat. Each of the United States Armed Services excludes females from active Combat. The nature and extent of the exclusion varies with each service. Yet, many argue that the distinction between combat and non-combat becomes blurred in the context of women warfare (Gilder, 1979; Holm, 1982, Goldman, 1982). In actually, many women are assigned to jabs that will expose them to enemy attack, and this has been openly acknowledged by the top Pentagon officials (Women in combat-closer than you think, 1980). The United States Army has also recognized that women would be deployed in combat zones as an inevitable consequence of their assignments. This was confirmed in the following statement made by then Army Chief of Staff, General Bernad W. Rogers: Some people believe that women soldiers will not be deployed in the event of hostilities: that they are only to be part-time soldiers here in peace, gone in w ar. Women are an essential part of the force; they will deploy with their units and they will serve in the skills in which they have been trained (Holm, 1982, p. 286). It appears that the combat exclusion policy does not realistically exclude women from combat, and it seems the militarys reliance on women is increasing. Schneider (1988) conducted interviews with women in traditionally male jobs, asking them what they felt their status would become if a war broke out. In general, they believed that they could not and would not be removed in combat situation (p. 162). The following was taken from two of these interviews. Ive already asked, said a first flight engineer on a C-5, what happens if Im sitting on alert in Europe somewhere and something really happens? Does that mean that they dont have a legal crew anymore because the engineer cant go? A Coast Guard female lieutenant had this to say: ? I was the trained CIC officer, responsible for the combat information center. Along with a team of radar men, CIC must plot all enemy and friendly forces and advise the bridge of such things as incoming missiles. Im the one thats used to working with these g uys. That was the purpose of sending us through that simulated training, so that we could get used to working together as a team. What would they do? They couldnt just fly me off and stick somebody else in there (Schneider, 1988, p.162). .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a , .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a .postImageUrl , .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a , .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a:hover , .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a:visited , .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a:active { border:0!important; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a:active , .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u184eba78e0ba10eb7cd57920a70a2e9a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on The Kite Runner And A Separate Peace EssayIt appears that the United States military is in a position where women are so fully and flexibly involved in the organizational structure, that in a war, it would be very difficult to separate them out. Yet, there are those who feel those women are not physically and mentally